Artemis II astronauts will study the Moon's surface using mainly their eyes

NASA's Artemis II astronauts will rely primarily on visual observation—rather than specialized instruments—to study the Moon's surface during their orbital flyby of the lunar body. The crew aboard the Orion spacecraft will conduct observations during a multi-hour lunar pass, examining specific lunar sites and phenomena as part of a 10-objective scientific agenda set by the space agency. This approach marks a notable contrast to the technological suite available on modern spacecraft, emphasizing human observation as a critical tool for lunar exploration. The astronauts' direct visual assessment will complement data gathered by other means and contribute to NASA's broader understanding of the Moon ahead of planned surface missions. The mission represents a significant step in the Artemis program's effort to return humans to lunar exploration after decades.