How extensive is Russia’s military aid to Iran?

Russia maintains an active military relationship with Iran centered on weapons transfers and satellite intelligence support, but stops short of deeper military involvement despite shared interests in countering U.S. influence. The two countries have a long history of arms exchanges, and Moscow has extended its assistance to include reconnaissance data that benefits Iran's military operations. Russia's restraint reflects strategic limitations—including its own military constraints from the Ukraine conflict and reluctance to fully escalate tensions with the West—even as both nations benefit from their alignment against Western interests. This measured approach shapes the ceiling of Iran's military capabilities and suggests Moscow views the partnership as valuable but not worth risking broader confrontation. The dynamic underscores how geopolitical partnerships have practical limits, particularly when one party faces significant resource constraints.